Where for ought the
Shuttle?
Wednesday, December 23, 2015
Monday, December 21, 2015
The Biltmore and Storytelling
I was reading one author, and decided that I needed no coaching, my style is mine.
New different, unparalleled in written word, film.
There is a connectedness, gestalt of the story in time....era
or beyond time, futuristic,and post future.
More on my style....
Tonight is a seminar of celebration, two favorites.
I announce an original drawing of:
SUMMER RETURNING FROM VENUS
THE AUCTION IS SILENT AND STARTS AT 500 MILLION......
New different, unparalleled in written word, film.
There is a connectedness, gestalt of the story in time....era
or beyond time, futuristic,and post future.
More on my style....
Tonight is a seminar of celebration, two favorites.
I announce an original drawing of:
SUMMER RETURNING FROM VENUS
THE AUCTION IS SILENT AND STARTS AT 500 MILLION......
Yurt
Robert had the indexes ready for a portfolio, on the news were the stats from yesterdays trading..
Then he had the browser on the REI website for his next project, a yurt that he purchased was now on its way according to the package delivery info.
It was to arrive in a few days and the, call he was expecting came through, he was invited to the White House.
Then he had the browser on the REI website for his next project, a yurt that he purchased was now on its way according to the package delivery info.
It was to arrive in a few days and the, call he was expecting came through, he was invited to the White House.
Los Alamos and Atomic
Research at Los Alamos.
I am a writer and I am aware that there are so many problems having
I am a writer and I am aware that there are so many problems having
to do with how policy is in adherence to the new and most advanced Bio-sciences work.
There is in the literature more and more regarding telomeres, cubits, quibits, and quantum states that
I believe and have been exposed to some of the most atomic mishap or decay,
regardless.
There is in the literature more and more regarding telomeres, cubits, quibits, and quantum states that
are of the newest most sound progressive advancement with safety measures;
that are in and of my professional work, allegorical poetry....
see Magdalene Magazine and
most likely you have heard of me.
most likely you have heard of me.
Friday, December 18, 2015
2016 here we come.....
What kind of predictions are of the last few days in 2015,
1. that 12/18/2015 is a profound number....
1. that 12/18/2015 is a profound number....
Thursday, December 10, 2015
Monday, December 7, 2015
Robert Burcoff
was back in Durango, he was also kayaking down the Animas with Forte and others, when it occurred to all of them that the River seemed to be turning a copper.......They were flooded with more and more, and the river then was a sea and the smell of chemicals, was all they were escaping as they went
quickly ashore, as others were also gathering in shock!
"What is this" said the newspaper magnet, town mayor?
Forte knew all too well!
quickly ashore, as others were also gathering in shock!
"What is this" said the newspaper magnet, town mayor?
Forte knew all too well!
Sunday, December 6, 2015
Cynthia and the Script
"Okay walk me through this..."
Theo was just about in the finish, the running expo, included runs every morning,
This 5 mile with an obstacle every 30 seconds was a Bear!
Theo was just about in the finish, the running expo, included runs every morning,
This 5 mile with an obstacle every 30 seconds was a Bear!
Saturday, December 5, 2015
Friday, December 4, 2015
the Cycling Club
Lot first began racing when he was 16---------------------.
His first international trophy was at 20 and first 1 million dollar
earned, was at 24------------------------------------------------.
He began investing at 25.
His first international trophy was at 20 and first 1 million dollar
earned, was at 24------------------------------------------------.
He began investing at 25.
Tuesday, December 1, 2015
Robert reviewed his notes.....
on the plane trip back to New York, he was going on to Washington, DC from there.
He had his briefcase with the itinerary, his manager sent, faxed, that morning.
The night flight was not busy, the lights were dimmed----He felt himself on the plane,
as though he was flying the jet himself, the controls ones he knew.
He had his briefcase with the itinerary, his manager sent, faxed, that morning.
The night flight was not busy, the lights were dimmed----He felt himself on the plane,
as though he was flying the jet himself, the controls ones he knew.
Saturday, November 28, 2015
sailboat, The Play
Lot was invited to the Captains Quarters on the massive ship, and he spent time listening to
a pitch by the Wells Fargo Team; he daydreamed some and then, when the presentation was done, a friendly face introduced himself, as Robert, last name he didn't quite catch, something very Swedish though like Burcoff. He said that he was there as my personal broker and that he would meet him
for a question and answer brainstorming session. Lot thought about it and agreed, They retired to a drawing room full of French décor and the cigars and brandy were readily available.
The cigars he noticed had a fancy set of monogram.
a pitch by the Wells Fargo Team; he daydreamed some and then, when the presentation was done, a friendly face introduced himself, as Robert, last name he didn't quite catch, something very Swedish though like Burcoff. He said that he was there as my personal broker and that he would meet him
for a question and answer brainstorming session. Lot thought about it and agreed, They retired to a drawing room full of French décor and the cigars and brandy were readily available.
The cigars he noticed had a fancy set of monogram.
Friday, November 27, 2015
Tuesday, November 24, 2015
city news
I wrote an article and sent it to the Tempe, newspaper, town.
I was describing the Muse, and how
to embrace mindfulness, especially in walking and
planning the article based on what, when, where etc, also
how the state of the writer in describing place.......comes forth in a piece.
For example Arizona is a site for sunshine especially in November where a
trademark look of ongoing summer, exhibited by shorts being worn almost
everywhere.
I was describing the Muse, and how
to embrace mindfulness, especially in walking and
planning the article based on what, when, where etc, also
how the state of the writer in describing place.......comes forth in a piece.
For example Arizona is a site for sunshine especially in November where a
trademark look of ongoing summer, exhibited by shorts being worn almost
everywhere.
Saturday, November 21, 2015
San Miguel de Allende
Its a Saturday and the holiday of Thanksgiving, has begun;
Friday night included!
I think of the luminaries along the main avenue in San Miguel.
Everyone is at the Comida, lunch, ready to relax the lazy afternoon away....
The Central, or the main gathering of the town park and driveway,
to be seen! Coming up from Mexico, short for, of course Mexico City.
Feliz Navidad playing on the radio.....
My favorite place was Belles Artes, and the professor I met;
he taught Spanish to the enthrall of Europeans who crowded the language schools.
The combination of weekenders from Mexico and the students from all over
gave a not so slight, cosmopolitan and thrill of a Ferris wheel, movement of
garish and the artist, celebrated for the creation of modern, the next, Picasso.
I met a French woman who was renting out a casita; she spoke Spanish badly
yet she was what was considered a local, of those who were from somewhere else, anyway.
She let me in on all, one really doesn't want to know, and I went away not renting.
The price was right but the French, who can live with them.....
Friday night included!
I think of the luminaries along the main avenue in San Miguel.
Everyone is at the Comida, lunch, ready to relax the lazy afternoon away....
The Central, or the main gathering of the town park and driveway,
to be seen! Coming up from Mexico, short for, of course Mexico City.
Feliz Navidad playing on the radio.....
My favorite place was Belles Artes, and the professor I met;
he taught Spanish to the enthrall of Europeans who crowded the language schools.
The combination of weekenders from Mexico and the students from all over
gave a not so slight, cosmopolitan and thrill of a Ferris wheel, movement of
garish and the artist, celebrated for the creation of modern, the next, Picasso.
I met a French woman who was renting out a casita; she spoke Spanish badly
yet she was what was considered a local, of those who were from somewhere else, anyway.
She let me in on all, one really doesn't want to know, and I went away not renting.
The price was right but the French, who can live with them.....
Wednesday, November 18, 2015
Boating at Cannes
The salmon was flown in especially for the yacht and the artist opening of the
works by the American bicyclist and sculpture, garden planner...
Lot was having a Blue Moon when
the host of the party and billionaire brought his team to
talk with a business venture, idea to promote cycling.
The way of his was to have a brand, his brother recommended!
works by the American bicyclist and sculpture, garden planner...
Lot was having a Blue Moon when
the host of the party and billionaire brought his team to
talk with a business venture, idea to promote cycling.
The way of his was to have a brand, his brother recommended!
Tuesday, November 17, 2015
Monday, November 16, 2015
used to be Embassy Suites on 44
Looking at the green gables it could be Heath in Phoenix,
east city, one can feel the Moors, hunter green.
east city, one can feel the Moors, hunter green.
Saturday, November 7, 2015
the moment
What is it that the writer sits to, or in the mind in create;
is it like meditation, no one seems to document the process
except possibly in the Paris experience as though Parisian all over the
world including Lebanon, the café and literature in the making.
is it like meditation, no one seems to document the process
except possibly in the Paris experience as though Parisian all over the
world including Lebanon, the café and literature in the making.
Sunday, October 18, 2015
A writer in the Pose of the Page
In November we will begin to record the
documentary of writings from the writing, chronicling
the writing in real-time and digital reality
the writing process of The Lake....
see the Play in entirety today for more details,
after the drawing we will begin the audiotapes, also!
this is a Raffle........
mail in a donation to
milagro taurus
check or money order
at
1101 W. 7th Avenue
Denver, Co 80204
for one month beginning today, the winner will receive a
collection of poems read on a recorded disc......
also the remaining individuals, will receive a copy for
a case by case price.
w/
storyteller oral tradition of the indigenous handing
down stories.
Write something about yourself enclosed in the mailing, also.
This is a Literacy program for The Play!
milagro taurus
check or money order
at
1101 W. 7th Avenue
Denver, Co 80204
for one month beginning today, the winner will receive a
collection of poems read on a recorded disc......
also the remaining individuals, will receive a copy for
a case by case price.
w/
storyteller oral tradition of the indigenous handing
down stories.
Write something about yourself enclosed in the mailing, also.
This is a Literacy program for The Play!
Friday, August 21, 2015
LEO
the most fantastic sign,
July to August,
the Lion,
the roar,
and summer blasts
are many,
soon to transition this w/e
or before...
my Summer seminar this fall,
only the few#
writing is such sweet sorrow#
July to August,
the Lion,
the roar,
and summer blasts
are many,
soon to transition this w/e
or before...
my Summer seminar this fall,
only the few#
writing is such sweet sorrow#
Saturday, July 11, 2015
Friday, May 15, 2015
Antibiotic Heaven or Hell?
Ah the State of Healthcare and the amount of red carpet.
Is there a statistical analysis at the dresses and the highlighted
next tabloid release by a Hollywood order-ly?
My cough may be the next microscopic headliner,
for the commercial of a Walking dead series Premier,
Who is possessed and who if anyone is not, right now?
The infected is this our modern edition of gossip and
airborne!
Is there a statistical analysis at the dresses and the highlighted
next tabloid release by a Hollywood order-ly?
My cough may be the next microscopic headliner,
for the commercial of a Walking dead series Premier,
Who is possessed and who if anyone is not, right now?
The infected is this our modern edition of gossip and
airborne!
Tuesday, April 21, 2015
What is ghost writing?
Since the ghost close to the window shoots itself across the room, at
abdomen, then in the waiting room, same yet the outcome, a someone acting
out an abdomen injury, not coincidence.
Then another ghost coming through the wall onto the body, a being
in bed w/ a cell phone computer,
the next day full front page, news a picture the same.
Is this imitation psychology or real not a magic trick,
maybe infestation, or plague is real too.
Are we handling it right,
my calculations, based on my writing says no!
abdomen, then in the waiting room, same yet the outcome, a someone acting
out an abdomen injury, not coincidence.
Then another ghost coming through the wall onto the body, a being
in bed w/ a cell phone computer,
the next day full front page, news a picture the same.
Is this imitation psychology or real not a magic trick,
maybe infestation, or plague is real too.
Are we handling it right,
my calculations, based on my writing says no!
A sense of fair play?
University of New Mexico and the services, were
a sham, including no crisis management.
the nurses were ordering tests unneeded for a psych visit,
hence a EKG, for what?
And do nurses now order!
I have now an identity theft dispute going for a clear hack job on
Wifi at a hotel and more all due to the source problem------
Intellectual Property, my writing and thesis.
This Administration has more fraud going and my law suit
with Social Security Administration where it started, is at fault,
see Milagro Taurus v Micheal Astrue.
I am doing things in time that have never been accomplished and it is
maligned by the big maligner, Barack Obama.
a sham, including no crisis management.
the nurses were ordering tests unneeded for a psych visit,
hence a EKG, for what?
And do nurses now order!
I have now an identity theft dispute going for a clear hack job on
Wifi at a hotel and more all due to the source problem------
Intellectual Property, my writing and thesis.
This Administration has more fraud going and my law suit
with Social Security Administration where it started, is at fault,
see Milagro Taurus v Micheal Astrue.
I am doing things in time that have never been accomplished and it is
maligned by the big maligner, Barack Obama.
Monday, April 20, 2015
Tuesday, March 24, 2015
Thursday, March 19, 2015
"I'm looking for directions"
Want some company, wasn't just the sound of
the silent night the basics of sound then music .....
It is the OM, or Omega of the score reading
then writing music, pleads to linguistic, the
Nature, judges orders to the help desk for question!
the silent night the basics of sound then music .....
It is the OM, or Omega of the score reading
then writing music, pleads to linguistic, the
Nature, judges orders to the help desk for question!
Thursday, March 12, 2015
delicate surgeries and the greater smaller versions of mass
Grace was in the docking station platform in queu for the shuttle, when.
her cell phone rang and she turned around and headed to the first leaving ship for .....
curtain flows and lighting changes to a blue hue, and manually the cords were pulled slowly by
the ushers, as the cast made the call......for second appearances, and applause.
Excitement grew for the next 10 minute short...
All in all there were 10 at the theater
.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
Obsideon
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely out of stone. Although stone tool-dependent societies and cultures still exist today, most stone tools are associated with prehistoric, particularly Stone Age cultures that have become extinct. Archaeologists often study such prehistoric societies, and refer to the study of stone tools as lithic analysis. Ethnoarchaeology has been a valuable research field in order to further the understanding and cultural implications of stone tool use and manufacture.[1] Stone has been used to make a wide variety of different tools throughout history, including arrow heads, spearpoints and querns. Stone tools may be made of either ground stone or chipped stone, and a person who creates tools out of the latter is known as a flintknapper.
Chipped stone tools are made from cryptocrystalline materials such as chert or flint, radiolarite, chalcedony, obsidian, basalt, and quartzite via a process known as lithic reduction. One simple form of reduction is to strike stone flakes from a nucleus (core) of material using a hammerstone or similar hard hammer fabricator. If the goal of the reduction strategy is to produce flakes, the remnant lithic core may be discarded once it has become too small to use. In some strategies, however, a flintknapper reduces the core to a rough unifacial or bifacial preform, which is further reduced using soft hammer flaking techniques or by pressure flaking the edges. More complex forms of reduction include the production of highly standardized blades, which can then be fashioned into a variety of tools such as scrapers, knives, sickles and microliths. In general terms, chipped stone tools are nearly ubiquitous in all pre-metal-using societies because they are easily manufactured, the tool stone is usually plentiful, and they are easy to transport and sharpen.
From the 19th century archaeologists had been turning up prehistoric
worked stone tools that appeared to be typologically classifiable into
taxa. They referred to these homotaxial groups of stone tools as
industries and named them after the type site; for example, Acheulean
after Saint Acheul, and later Oldowan from Olduvai Gorge. In the earlier 20th century they became complexes and technologies; in the later, technocomplexes. So, in archaeology a technocomplex is a distinct culture that employed a specific technology.
In 1969 in the 2nd edition of World Prehistory, Grahame Clark envisioned an evolutionary progression of flint-knapping in which the "dominant lithic technologies" occurred in a fixed sequence from Mode 1 through Mode 5.[2] He assigned to them relative dates: Modes 1 and 2 to the Lower Palaeolithic, 3 to the Middle, 4 to the Advanced and 5 to the Mesolithic. They were not to be conceived, however, as er universal – they did not account for all lithic technology – or synchronous – in effect simultaneously in different regions. Mode 1, for example, was in use in Europe long after it had been replaced by Mode 2 in Africa.
Clarke's scheme was adopted enthusiastically by the archaeological community. One of its advantages was the simplicity of terminology; for example, the Mode 1 / Mode 2 Transition. The transitions are currently of greatest interest. Consequently in the literature the stone tools used in the period of the Palaeolithic are divided into four "modes", each of which designate a different form of complexity, and which in most cases followed a rough chronological order.
The earliest stone tools in the life span of the genus Homo are Mode 1 tools,[3] and come from what has been termed the Oldowan Industry, named after the type of site (many sites, actually) found in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania,
where they were discovered in large quantities. Oldowan tools were
characterised by their simple construction, predominantly using core forms. These cores were river pebbles, or rocks similar to them, that had been struck by a spherical hammerstone to cause conchoidal fractures
removing flakes from one surface, creating an edge and often a sharp
tip. The blunt end is the proximal surface; the sharp, the distal.
Oldowan is a percussion technology. Grasping the proximal surface, the
hominid brought the distal surface down hard on an object he wished to
detach or shatter, such as a bone or tuber.
The earliest evidence of stone tool use dates to 3.4 million years ago. Grooved and fractured bone fossils were found in Dikika near the remains of Selam, an australopithecine like Lucy.[4][5] But the earliest known Oldowan tools yet found date from 2.6 million years ago, during the Lower Palaeolithic period, and have been uncovered at Gona in Ethiopia.[6] After this date, the Oldowan Industry subsequently spread throughout much of Africa, although archaeologists are currently unsure which Hominan species first developed them, with some speculating that it was Australopithecus garhi, and others believing that it was in fact Homo habilis.[7] Homo habilis was the hominin who used the tools for most of the Oldowan in Africa, but at about 1.9-1.8 million years ago Homo erectus inherited them. The Industry flourished in southern and eastern Africa between 2.6 and 1.7 million years ago, but was also spread out of Africa and into Eurasia by travelling bands of H. erectus, who took it as far east as Java by 1.8 million years ago and Northern China by 1.6 million years ago.
Eventually, more complex, Mode 2 tools began to be developed through the Acheulean Industry, named after the site of Saint-Acheul in France. The Acheulean was characterised not by the core, but by the biface, the most notable form of which was the hand axe.[8] The Acheulean first appears in the archaeological record as early as 1.7 million years ago in the West Turkana area of Kenya and contemporaneously in southern Africa.
The Leakeys, excavators at Olduvai, defined a "Developed Oldowan" Period in which they believed they saw evidence of an overlap in Oldowan and Acheulean. In their species-specific view of the two industries, Oldowan equated to H. habilis and Acheulean to H. erectus. Developed Oldowan was assigned to habilis and Acheulean to erectus. Subsequent dates on H. erectus pushed the fossils back to well before Acheulean tools; that is, H. erectus must have initially used Mode 1. There was no reason to think, therefore, that Developed Oldowan had to be habilis; it could have been erectus. Opponents of the view divide Developed Oldowan between Oldowan and Acheulean. There is no question, however, that habilis and erectus coexisted, as habilis fossils are found as late as 1.4 million years ago. Meanwhile, African H. erectus developed Mode 2. In any case a wave of Mode 2 then spread across Eurasia, resulting in use of both there. H. erectus may not have been the only hominin to leave Africa; European fossils are sometimes associated with Homo ergaster, a contemporary of H. erectus in Africa.
In contrast to an Oldowan tool, which is the result of a fortuitous and probably ex tempore operation to obtain one sharp edge on a stone, an Acheulean tool is a planned result of a manufacturing process. The manufacturer begins with a blank, either a larger stone or a slab knocked off a larger rock. From this blank he or she removes large flakes, to be used as cores. Standing a core on edge on an anvil stone, he or she hits the exposed edge with centripetal blows of a hard hammer to roughly shape the implement. Then he or she works it over again, or retouches it, with a soft hammer of wood or bone to produce a tool finely chipped all over consisting of two convex surfaces intersecting in a sharp edge. Such a tool is used for slicing; concussion would destroy the edge and cut the hand.
Some Mode 2 tools are disk-shaped, others ovoid, others leaf-shaped and pointed, and others elongated and pointed at the distal end, with a blunt surface at the proximal end, obviously used for drilling. Mode 2 tools are used for butchering; not being composite (having no haft) they are not very appropriate killing instruments. The killing must have been done some other way. Mode 2 tools are larger than Oldowan. The blank was ported to serve as an ongoing source of flakes until it was finally retouched as a finished tool itself. Edges were often sharpened by further retouching.
Eventually, the Acheulean in Europe was replaced by a lithic technology known as the Mousterian Industry, which was named after the site of Le Moustier in France, where examples were first uncovered in the 1860s. Evolving from the Acheulean, it adopted the Levallois technique to produce smaller and sharper knife-like tools as well as scrapers.[9] The Mousterian Industry was developed and used primarily by the Neanderthals, a native European and Middle Eastern hominin species.[10]
Mode 5 stone tools involve the production of microliths, which were used in composite tools, mainly fastened to a haft.[13] Examples include the Magdalenian
culture. Such a technology makes much more efficient use of available
materials like flint, although required greater skill in manufacturing
the small flakes.
In prehistoric Japan, ground stone tools appear during the Japanese Paleolithic period.[14] Elsewhere, ground stone tools became important during the Neolithic period. These ground or polished implements are manufactured from larger-grained materials such as basalt, jade and jadeite, greenstone and some forms of rhyolite which are not suitable for flaking. The greenstone industry was important in the English Lake District, and is known as the Langdale axe industry. Ground stone implements included adzes, celts, and axes,
which were manufactured using a labour-intensive, time-consuming method
of repeated grinding against an abrasive stone, often using water as a
lubricant. Because of their coarse surfaces, some ground stone tools
were used for grinding plant foods and were polished not just by
intentional shaping, but also by use. Manos are hand stones used in conjunction with metates for grinding corn or grain. Polishing increased the intrinsic mechanical strength
of the axe. Polished stone axes were important for the widespread
clearance of woods and forest during the Neolithic period, when crop and
livestock farming developed on a large scale. They are distributed very
widely and were traded over great distances since the best rock types
were often very local. They also became venerated objects, and were
frequently buried in long barrows or round barrows with their former owners.
During the Neolithic period, large axes were made from flint nodules by chipping a rough shape, a so-called "rough-out". Such products were traded across a wide area. The rough-outs were then polished to give the surface a fine finish to create the axe head. Polishing not only increased the final strength of the product but also meant that the head could penetrate wood more easily.
Such axe heads were needed in large numbers for forest clearance and the establishment of settlements and farmsteads, a characteristic of the Neolithic period. There were many sources of supply, including Grimes Graves in Suffolk, Cissbury in Sussex and Spiennes near Mons in Belgium to mention but a few. In Britain, there were numerous small quarries in downland areas where flint was removed for local use, for example.
Many other rocks were used to make axes from stones, including the Langdale axe industry as well as numerous other sites such as Penmaenmawr and Tievebulliagh in Co Antrim, Ulster. In Langdale, there many outcrops of the greenstone were exploited, and knapped where the stone was extracted. The sites exhibit piles of waste flakes, as well as rejected rough-outs. Polishing improved the mechanical strength of the tools, so increasing their life and effectiveness. Many other tools were developed using the same techniques. Such products were traded across the country and abroad.
For specialist purposes glass knives are still made and used today, particularly for cutting thin sections for electron microscopy in a technique known as microtomy. Freshly cut blades are always used since the sharpness of the edge is very great. These knives are made from high-quality manufactured glass, however, not from natural raw materials such as chert or obsidian. Surgical knives made from obsidian are still used in some delicate surgeries.
her cell phone rang and she turned around and headed to the first leaving ship for .....
curtain flows and lighting changes to a blue hue, and manually the cords were pulled slowly by
the ushers, as the cast made the call......for second appearances, and applause.
Excitement grew for the next 10 minute short...
All in all there were 10 at the theater
.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
Obsideon
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely out of stone. Although stone tool-dependent societies and cultures still exist today, most stone tools are associated with prehistoric, particularly Stone Age cultures that have become extinct. Archaeologists often study such prehistoric societies, and refer to the study of stone tools as lithic analysis. Ethnoarchaeology has been a valuable research field in order to further the understanding and cultural implications of stone tool use and manufacture.[1] Stone has been used to make a wide variety of different tools throughout history, including arrow heads, spearpoints and querns. Stone tools may be made of either ground stone or chipped stone, and a person who creates tools out of the latter is known as a flintknapper.
Chipped stone tools are made from cryptocrystalline materials such as chert or flint, radiolarite, chalcedony, obsidian, basalt, and quartzite via a process known as lithic reduction. One simple form of reduction is to strike stone flakes from a nucleus (core) of material using a hammerstone or similar hard hammer fabricator. If the goal of the reduction strategy is to produce flakes, the remnant lithic core may be discarded once it has become too small to use. In some strategies, however, a flintknapper reduces the core to a rough unifacial or bifacial preform, which is further reduced using soft hammer flaking techniques or by pressure flaking the edges. More complex forms of reduction include the production of highly standardized blades, which can then be fashioned into a variety of tools such as scrapers, knives, sickles and microliths. In general terms, chipped stone tools are nearly ubiquitous in all pre-metal-using societies because they are easily manufactured, the tool stone is usually plentiful, and they are easy to transport and sharpen.
Contents
Evolutionary development of technocomplexes
A selection of prehistoric stone tools.
In 1969 in the 2nd edition of World Prehistory, Grahame Clark envisioned an evolutionary progression of flint-knapping in which the "dominant lithic technologies" occurred in a fixed sequence from Mode 1 through Mode 5.[2] He assigned to them relative dates: Modes 1 and 2 to the Lower Palaeolithic, 3 to the Middle, 4 to the Advanced and 5 to the Mesolithic. They were not to be conceived, however, as er universal – they did not account for all lithic technology – or synchronous – in effect simultaneously in different regions. Mode 1, for example, was in use in Europe long after it had been replaced by Mode 2 in Africa.
Clarke's scheme was adopted enthusiastically by the archaeological community. One of its advantages was the simplicity of terminology; for example, the Mode 1 / Mode 2 Transition. The transitions are currently of greatest interest. Consequently in the literature the stone tools used in the period of the Palaeolithic are divided into four "modes", each of which designate a different form of complexity, and which in most cases followed a rough chronological order.
Mode I: The Oldowan Industry
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oldowan. |
A typical Oldowan simple chopping-tool. This example is from the Duero Valley, Valladolid.
The earliest evidence of stone tool use dates to 3.4 million years ago. Grooved and fractured bone fossils were found in Dikika near the remains of Selam, an australopithecine like Lucy.[4][5] But the earliest known Oldowan tools yet found date from 2.6 million years ago, during the Lower Palaeolithic period, and have been uncovered at Gona in Ethiopia.[6] After this date, the Oldowan Industry subsequently spread throughout much of Africa, although archaeologists are currently unsure which Hominan species first developed them, with some speculating that it was Australopithecus garhi, and others believing that it was in fact Homo habilis.[7] Homo habilis was the hominin who used the tools for most of the Oldowan in Africa, but at about 1.9-1.8 million years ago Homo erectus inherited them. The Industry flourished in southern and eastern Africa between 2.6 and 1.7 million years ago, but was also spread out of Africa and into Eurasia by travelling bands of H. erectus, who took it as far east as Java by 1.8 million years ago and Northern China by 1.6 million years ago.
Mode II: The Acheulean Industry
A typical Acheulean handaxe; this example is from the Douro valley, Zamora, Spain. The small chips on the edge are from reworking.
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acheulean. |
The Leakeys, excavators at Olduvai, defined a "Developed Oldowan" Period in which they believed they saw evidence of an overlap in Oldowan and Acheulean. In their species-specific view of the two industries, Oldowan equated to H. habilis and Acheulean to H. erectus. Developed Oldowan was assigned to habilis and Acheulean to erectus. Subsequent dates on H. erectus pushed the fossils back to well before Acheulean tools; that is, H. erectus must have initially used Mode 1. There was no reason to think, therefore, that Developed Oldowan had to be habilis; it could have been erectus. Opponents of the view divide Developed Oldowan between Oldowan and Acheulean. There is no question, however, that habilis and erectus coexisted, as habilis fossils are found as late as 1.4 million years ago. Meanwhile, African H. erectus developed Mode 2. In any case a wave of Mode 2 then spread across Eurasia, resulting in use of both there. H. erectus may not have been the only hominin to leave Africa; European fossils are sometimes associated with Homo ergaster, a contemporary of H. erectus in Africa.
In contrast to an Oldowan tool, which is the result of a fortuitous and probably ex tempore operation to obtain one sharp edge on a stone, an Acheulean tool is a planned result of a manufacturing process. The manufacturer begins with a blank, either a larger stone or a slab knocked off a larger rock. From this blank he or she removes large flakes, to be used as cores. Standing a core on edge on an anvil stone, he or she hits the exposed edge with centripetal blows of a hard hammer to roughly shape the implement. Then he or she works it over again, or retouches it, with a soft hammer of wood or bone to produce a tool finely chipped all over consisting of two convex surfaces intersecting in a sharp edge. Such a tool is used for slicing; concussion would destroy the edge and cut the hand.
Some Mode 2 tools are disk-shaped, others ovoid, others leaf-shaped and pointed, and others elongated and pointed at the distal end, with a blunt surface at the proximal end, obviously used for drilling. Mode 2 tools are used for butchering; not being composite (having no haft) they are not very appropriate killing instruments. The killing must have been done some other way. Mode 2 tools are larger than Oldowan. The blank was ported to serve as an ongoing source of flakes until it was finally retouched as a finished tool itself. Edges were often sharpened by further retouching.
Mode III: The Mousterian Industry
A tool made by the Levallois technique. This example is from La Parrilla (Valladolid, Spain).
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Mode IV: The Aurignacian Industry
The long blades (rather than flakes) of the Upper Palaeolithic Mode 4 industries appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic.[11] The Aurignacian culture is a good example of mode 4 tool production.[12]Mode V: The Microlithic Industries
Neolithic industries
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.
Polished Neolithic jadeitite axe from the Museum of Toulouse
Axe heads found at a 2700 BC Neolithic manufacture site in Switzerland, arranged in the various stages of production from left to right.
Click to see individual images.
Click to see individual images.
During the Neolithic period, large axes were made from flint nodules by chipping a rough shape, a so-called "rough-out". Such products were traded across a wide area. The rough-outs were then polished to give the surface a fine finish to create the axe head. Polishing not only increased the final strength of the product but also meant that the head could penetrate wood more easily.
Such axe heads were needed in large numbers for forest clearance and the establishment of settlements and farmsteads, a characteristic of the Neolithic period. There were many sources of supply, including Grimes Graves in Suffolk, Cissbury in Sussex and Spiennes near Mons in Belgium to mention but a few. In Britain, there were numerous small quarries in downland areas where flint was removed for local use, for example.
Many other rocks were used to make axes from stones, including the Langdale axe industry as well as numerous other sites such as Penmaenmawr and Tievebulliagh in Co Antrim, Ulster. In Langdale, there many outcrops of the greenstone were exploited, and knapped where the stone was extracted. The sites exhibit piles of waste flakes, as well as rejected rough-outs. Polishing improved the mechanical strength of the tools, so increasing their life and effectiveness. Many other tools were developed using the same techniques. Such products were traded across the country and abroad.
Modern uses
The invention of the flintlock gun mechanism in the sixteenth century produced a demand for specially shaped gunflints. The gunflint industry survived until the middle of the twentieth century in some places, including in the English town of Brandon.[15]For specialist purposes glass knives are still made and used today, particularly for cutting thin sections for electron microscopy in a technique known as microtomy. Freshly cut blades are always used since the sharpness of the edge is very great. These knives are made from high-quality manufactured glass, however, not from natural raw materials such as chert or obsidian. Surgical knives made from obsidian are still used in some delicate surgeries.
Monday, March 2, 2015
compounding formula pharmeuceutical companies
the chemistry of the formula was of a demand even several manufacturers
couldn't even keep up.
The black market was a perfect place to get a synthetic version,
as if synthetic wasn't just the order of the day....
Neon a known dealer, was just about out of the stuff;
when the apartment seemed to be hit by a wind, his mind half thought....
then suddenly before everything going black he knew for sure it was an
explosion. His stove flew at the same air speed as his body, floating for
a time. When he finally landed the street of his second floor apartment, was in
view......
Snake he knew was the reason, he heard the Siren
couldn't even keep up.
The black market was a perfect place to get a synthetic version,
as if synthetic wasn't just the order of the day....
Neon a known dealer, was just about out of the stuff;
when the apartment seemed to be hit by a wind, his mind half thought....
then suddenly before everything going black he knew for sure it was an
explosion. His stove flew at the same air speed as his body, floating for
a time. When he finally landed the street of his second floor apartment, was in
view......
Snake he knew was the reason, he heard the Siren
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